ID

VAR-201205-0016

CVE

CVE-2011-3188

TITLE

Linux Kernel of IPv4 When IPv6 Service disruption in implementations ( Network failure ) Vulnerabilities

DESCRIPTION

The (1) IPv4 and (2) IPv6 implementations in the Linux kernel before 3.1 use a modified MD4 algorithm to generate sequence numbers and Fragment Identification values, which makes it easier for remote attackers to cause a denial of service (disrupted networking) or hijack network sessions by predicting these values and sending crafted packets. ( Network failure ) May be left in a state or network sessions may be taken away. The NFSv4 implementation is one of the distributed file system protocols. (CVE-2009-4067) It was discovered that the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) implementation incorrectly calculated lengths. The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures project identifies the following problems: CVE-2009-4067 Rafael Dominguez Vega of MWR InfoSecurity reported an issue in the auerswald module, a driver for Auerswald PBX/System Telephone USB devices. Attackers with physical access to a system's USB ports could obtain elevated privileges using a specially crafted USB device. CVE-2011-0712 Rafael Dominguez Vega of MWR InfoSecurity reported an issue in the caiaq module, a USB driver for Native Instruments USB audio devices. Attackers with physical access to a system's USB ports could obtain elevated privileges using a specially crafted USB device. CVE-2011-1020 Kees Cook discovered an issue in the /proc filesystem that allows local users to gain access to sensitive process information after execution of a setuid binary. CVE-2011-2209 Dan Rosenberg discovered an issue in the osf_sysinfo() system call on the alpha architecture. Local users could obtain access to sensitive kernel memory. CVE-2011-2211 Dan Rosenberg discovered an issue in the osf_wait4() system call on the alpha architecture permitting local users to gain elevated privileges. CVE-2011-2213 Dan Rosenberg discovered an issue in the INET socket monitoring interface. CVE-2011-2484 Vasiliy Kulikov of Openwall discovered that the number of exit handlers that a process can register is not capped, resulting in local denial of service through resource exhaustion (cpu time and memory). CVE-2011-2491 Vasily Averin discovered an issue with the NFS locking implementation. A malicious NFS server can cause a client to hang indefinitely in an unlock call. CVE-2011-2492 Marek Kroemeke and Filip Palian discovered that uninitialized struct elements in the Bluetooth subsystem could lead to a leak of sensitive kernel memory through leaked stack memory. CVE-2011-2497 Dan Rosenberg discovered an integer underflow in the Bluetooth subsystem, which could lead to denial of service or privilege escalation. CVE-2011-2525 Ben Pfaff reported an issue in the network scheduling code. CVE-2011-2928 Timo Warns discovered that insufficient validation of Be filesystem images could lead to local denial of service if a malformed filesystem image is mounted. CVE-2011-3188 Dan Kaminsky reported a weakness of the sequence number generation in the TCP protocol implementation. This can be used by remote attackers to inject packets into an active session. This update also includes a fix for a regression introduced with the previous security fix for CVE-2011-1768 (Debian: #633738) For the oldstable distribution (lenny), this problem has been fixed in version 2.6.26-26lenny4. Updates for arm and alpha are not yet available, but will be released as soon as possible. Updates for the hppa and ia64 architectures will be included in the upcoming 5.0.9 point release. The following matrix lists additional source packages that were rebuilt for compatibility with or to take advantage of this update: Debian 5.0 (lenny) user-mode-linux 2.6.26-1um-2+26lenny4 We recommend that you upgrade your linux-2.6 and user-mode-linux packages. However, given the high frequency at which low-severity security issues are discovered in the kernel and the resource requirements of doing an update, updates for lower priority issues will normally not be released for all kernels at the same time. Rather, they will be released in a staggered or "leap-frog" fashion. -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1 ===================================================================== Red Hat Security Advisory Synopsis: Important: kernel security and bug fix update Advisory ID: RHSA-2011:1465-01 Product: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Advisory URL: https://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2011-1465.html Issue date: 2011-11-22 CVE Names: CVE-2011-1162 CVE-2011-1577 CVE-2011-2494 CVE-2011-2699 CVE-2011-2905 CVE-2011-3188 CVE-2011-3191 CVE-2011-3353 CVE-2011-3359 CVE-2011-3363 CVE-2011-3593 CVE-2011-4326 ===================================================================== 1. Summary: Updated kernel packages that fix multiple security issues and various bugs are now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. The Red Hat Security Response Team has rated this update as having important security impact. Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base scores, which give detailed severity ratings, are available for each vulnerability from the CVE links in the References section. 2. Relevant releases/architectures: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop (v. 6) - i386, noarch, x86_64 Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node (v. 6) - noarch, x86_64 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6) - i386, noarch, ppc64, s390x, x86_64 Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6) - i386, noarch, x86_64 3. Description: The kernel packages contain the Linux kernel, the core of any Linux operating system. This update fixes the following security issues: * IPv6 fragment identification value generation could allow a remote attacker to disrupt a target system's networking, preventing legitimate users from accessing its services. (CVE-2011-2699, Important) * A signedness issue was found in the Linux kernel's CIFS (Common Internet File System) implementation. A malicious CIFS server could send a specially-crafted response to a directory read request that would result in a denial of service or privilege escalation on a system that has a CIFS share mounted. (CVE-2011-3191, Important) * A flaw was found in the way the Linux kernel handled fragmented IPv6 UDP datagrams over the bridge with UDP Fragmentation Offload (UFO) functionality on. A remote attacker could use this flaw to cause a denial of service. (CVE-2011-4326, Important) * The way IPv4 and IPv6 protocol sequence numbers and fragment IDs were generated could allow a man-in-the-middle attacker to inject packets and possibly hijack connections. Protocol sequence numbers and fragment IDs are now more random. (CVE-2011-3188, Moderate) * A buffer overflow flaw was found in the Linux kernel's FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) implementation. A local user in the fuse group who has access to mount a FUSE file system could use this flaw to cause a denial of service. (CVE-2011-3353, Moderate) * A flaw was found in the b43 driver in the Linux kernel. If a system had an active wireless interface that uses the b43 driver, an attacker able to send a specially-crafted frame to that interface could cause a denial of service. (CVE-2011-3359, Moderate) * A flaw was found in the way CIFS shares with DFS referrals at their root were handled. An attacker on the local network who is able to deploy a malicious CIFS server could create a CIFS network share that, when mounted, would cause the client system to crash. (CVE-2011-3363, Moderate) * A flaw was found in the way the Linux kernel handled VLAN 0 frames with the priority tag set. When using certain network drivers, an attacker on the local network could use this flaw to cause a denial of service. (CVE-2011-3593, Moderate) * A flaw in the way memory containing security-related data was handled in tpm_read() could allow a local, unprivileged user to read the results of a previously run TPM command. (CVE-2011-1162, Low) * A heap overflow flaw was found in the Linux kernel's EFI GUID Partition Table (GPT) implementation. A local attacker could use this flaw to cause a denial of service by mounting a disk that contains specially-crafted partition tables. (CVE-2011-1577, Low) * The I/O statistics from the taskstats subsystem could be read without any restrictions. A local, unprivileged user could use this flaw to gather confidential information, such as the length of a password used in a process. (CVE-2011-2494, Low) * It was found that the perf tool, a part of the Linux kernel's Performance Events implementation, could load its configuration file from the current working directory. If a local user with access to the perf tool were tricked into running perf in a directory that contains a specially-crafted configuration file, it could cause perf to overwrite arbitrary files and directories accessible to that user. (CVE-2011-2905, Low) Red Hat would like to thank Fernando Gont for reporting CVE-2011-2699; Darren Lavender for reporting CVE-2011-3191; Dan Kaminsky for reporting CVE-2011-3188; Yogesh Sharma for reporting CVE-2011-3363; Gideon Naim for reporting CVE-2011-3593; Peter Huewe for reporting CVE-2011-1162; Timo Warns for reporting CVE-2011-1577; and Vasiliy Kulikov of Openwall for reporting CVE-2011-2494. This update also fixes various bugs. Documentation for these changes will be available shortly from the Technical Notes document linked to in the References section. 4. Solution: Users should upgrade to these updated packages, which contain backported patches to correct these issues, and fix the bugs noted in the Technical Notes. The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect. Before applying this update, make sure all previously-released errata relevant to your system have been applied. This update is available via the Red Hat Network. Details on how to use the Red Hat Network to apply this update are available at https://access.redhat.com/kb/docs/DOC-11259 To install kernel packages manually, use "rpm -ivh [package]". Do not use "rpm -Uvh" as that will remove the running kernel binaries from your system. You may use "rpm -e" to remove old kernels after determining that the new kernel functions properly on your system. 5. Bugs fixed (http://bugzilla.redhat.com/): 695976 - CVE-2011-1577 kernel: corrupted GUID partition tables can cause kernel oops 716842 - CVE-2011-2494 kernel: taskstats io infoleak 723429 - CVE-2011-2699 kernel: ipv6: make fragment identifications less predictable 729808 - CVE-2011-2905 kernel: perf tools: may parse user-controlled configuration file 732629 - CVE-2011-1162 kernel: tpm: infoleak 732658 - CVE-2011-3188 kernel: net: improve sequence number generation 732869 - CVE-2011-3191 kernel: cifs: signedness issue in CIFSFindNext() 736761 - CVE-2011-3353 kernel: fuse: check size of FUSE_NOTIFY_INVAL_ENTRY message 738202 - CVE-2011-3359 kernel: b43: allocate receive buffers big enough for max frame len + offset 738291 - CVE-2011-3363 kernel: cifs: always do is_path_accessible check in cifs_mount 740352 - make guest mode entry to be rcu quiescent state [rhel-6.1.z] 741166 - enclosure fix [rhel-6.1.z] 742846 - CVE-2011-3593 kernel: vlan: fix panic when handling priority tagged frames 743807 - igb: failed to activate WOL on 2nd LAN port on i350 [rhel-6.1.z] 744811 - Non-responsive scsi target leads to excessive scsi recovery and dm-mp failover time [rhel-6.1.z] 748808 - Host got crash when guest running netperf client with UDP_STREAM protocol with IPV6 [rhel-6.1.z] 755584 - CVE-2011-4326 kernel: wrong headroom check in udp6_ufo_fragment() 6. Package List: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop (v. 6): Source: ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/6Client/en/os/SRPMS/kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.src.rpm i386: kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debug-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debug-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debug-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debuginfo-common-i686-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-headers-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm perf-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm perf-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm noarch: kernel-doc-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.noarch.rpm kernel-firmware-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.noarch.rpm x86_64: kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-headers-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm perf-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm perf-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm Red Hat Enterprise Linux HPC Node (v. 6): Source: ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/6ComputeNode/en/os/SRPMS/kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.src.rpm noarch: kernel-doc-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.noarch.rpm kernel-firmware-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.noarch.rpm x86_64: kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-headers-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm perf-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm perf-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 6): Source: ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/6Server/en/os/SRPMS/kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.src.rpm i386: kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debug-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debug-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debug-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debuginfo-common-i686-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-headers-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm perf-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm perf-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm noarch: kernel-doc-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.noarch.rpm kernel-firmware-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.noarch.rpm ppc64: kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.ppc64.rpm kernel-bootwrapper-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.ppc64.rpm kernel-debug-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.ppc64.rpm kernel-debug-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.ppc64.rpm kernel-debug-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.ppc64.rpm kernel-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.ppc64.rpm kernel-debuginfo-common-ppc64-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.ppc64.rpm kernel-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.ppc64.rpm kernel-headers-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.ppc64.rpm perf-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.ppc64.rpm perf-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.ppc64.rpm s390x: kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm kernel-debug-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm kernel-debug-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm kernel-debug-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm kernel-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm kernel-debuginfo-common-s390x-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm kernel-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm kernel-headers-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm kernel-kdump-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm kernel-kdump-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm kernel-kdump-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm perf-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm perf-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.s390x.rpm x86_64: kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-headers-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm perf-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm perf-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation (v. 6): Source: ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/6Workstation/en/os/SRPMS/kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.src.rpm i386: kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debug-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debug-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debug-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-debuginfo-common-i686-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm kernel-headers-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm perf-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm perf-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.i686.rpm noarch: kernel-doc-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.noarch.rpm kernel-firmware-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.noarch.rpm x86_64: kernel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debug-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-devel-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm kernel-headers-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm perf-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm perf-debuginfo-2.6.32-131.21.1.el6.x86_64.rpm These packages are GPG signed by Red Hat for security. Our key and details on how to verify the signature are available from https://access.redhat.com/security/team/key/#package 7. References: https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-1162.html https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-1577.html https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-2494.html https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-2699.html https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-2905.html https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-3188.html https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-3191.html https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-3353.html https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-3359.html https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-3363.html https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-3593.html https://www.redhat.com/security/data/cve/CVE-2011-4326.html https://access.redhat.com/security/updates/classification/#important https://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/6.1_Technical_Notes/kernel.html#RHSA-2011-1465 8. Contact: The Red Hat security contact is <secalert@redhat.com>. More contact details at https://access.redhat.com/security/team/contact/ Copyright 2011 Red Hat, Inc. -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1.4.4 (GNU/Linux) iD8DBQFOy9KxXlSAg2UNWIIRApHRAKCrfJt7aIrWnGPf3TwUZKtul/8YUgCgtpZE l5BuL6rArAsWl76KlBJjWFw= =0G9b -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- -- RHSA-announce mailing list RHSA-announce@redhat.com https://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/rhsa-announce . In addition, this update fixes the following bugs: * When the Global File System 2 (GFS2) file system is suspended, its delete work queue is also suspended, along with any pending work on the queue. Prior to this update, if GFS2's transaction lock was demoted while the delete work queue was suspended, a deadlock could occur on the file system because the file system tried to flush the work queue in the lock demotion code. With this update, the delete work queue is no longer flushed by the lock demotion code, and a deadlock no longer occurs. Instead, the work queue is flushed by the unmount operation, so that pending work is properly completed. (BZ#733678) * A previously applied patch introduced a regression for third-party file systems that do not set the FS_HAS_IODONE2 flag, specifically, Oracle Cluster File System 2 (OCFS2). The patch removed a call to the aio_complete function, resulting in no completion events being processed, causing user-space applications to become unresponsive. This update reintroduces the aio_complete function call, fixing this issue. (BZ#734156) * Certain devices support multiple operation modes. For example, EMC CLARiiON disk arrays support ALUA mode and their own vendor specific mode for failover. This resulted in the application (for example, multipath) not working properly. With this update, the kernel has been modified to allow applications to select the device/hardware handler to use, thus resolving this issue. (BZ#739900) * This update improves the performance of delete/unlink operations in a GFS2 file system with large files by adding a layer of metadata read-ahead for indirect blocks. Bugs fixed (http://bugzilla.redhat.com/): 732658 - CVE-2011-3188 kernel: net: improve sequence number generation 732878 - CVE-2011-3209 kernel: panic occurs when clock_gettime() is called 733678 - GFS2: recovery stuck on transaction lock [rhel-5.6.z] 739900 - scsi_dh_emc gives "error attaching hardware handler" for EMC active-active SANs [rhel-5.6.z] 6. Relevant releases/architectures: MRG Realtime for RHEL 6 Server v.2 - noarch, x86_64 3. (CVE-2011-4326, Important) * GRO (Generic Receive Offload) fields could be left in an inconsistent state. GRO is enabled by default in all network drivers that support it. This update also fixes the following bugs: * Previously, a mismatch in the build-id of the kernel-rt and the one in the related debuginfo package caused failures in SystemTap and perf. (BZ#768413) * IBM x3650m3 systems were not able to boot the MRG Realtime kernel because they require a pmcraid driver that was not available. Software Description: - linux-mvl-dove: Linux kernel for DOVE Details: Ryan Sweat discovered that the kernel incorrectly handled certain VLAN packets. (CVE-2011-1833) Vasiliy Kulikov discovered that taskstats did not enforce access restrictions. A local attacker could exploit this to read certain information, leading to a loss of privacy. (CVE-2011-2494) Vasiliy Kulikov discovered that /proc/PID/io did not enforce access restrictions. A local attacker could exploit this to read certain information, leading to a loss of privacy. (CVE-2011-2497) It was discovered that the EXT4 filesystem contained multiple off-by-one flaws. (CVE-2011-2695) Fernando Gont discovered that the IPv6 stack used predictable fragment identification numbers. (CVE-2011-2905) Time Warns discovered that long symlinks were incorrectly handled on Be filesystems. A remote attacker with a malicious server could exploit this to crash the system or possibly execute arbitrary code as the root user. (CVE-2011-3191) Update instructions: The problem can be corrected by updating your system to the following package versions: Ubuntu 10.10: linux-image-2.6.32-419-dove 2.6.32-419.37 After a standard system update you need to reboot your computer to make all the necessary changes. ATTENTION: Due to an unavoidable ABI change the kernel updates have been given a new version number, which requires you to recompile and reinstall all third party kernel modules you might have installed. Unless you manually uninstalled the standard kernel metapackages (e.g. linux-generic, linux-server, linux-powerpc), a standard system upgrade will automatically perform this as well. (CVE-2011-3188) Yogesh Sharma discovered that CIFS did not correctly handle UNCs that had no prefixpaths

AFFECTED PRODUCTS